Moreover, we are collaborating with colleagues from Würzburg (Prof. Andreas Friebe; University of Würzburg) and Ulm (Dr. Eugen Zizer; University Hospital Ulm), with whose help we recently succeeded in detecting functional gastrointestinal disturbances in a specific form of autism. These colleagues have established functional readouts for the investigation of gut as well as enteric nervous system function, which were still performed in the mouse model in the above study. However, our established human cell models would allow us to significantly reduce the use of animal models in the future according to the 3Rs principle: Replacement, Reduction, Refinement, with the aim of replacing them completely in the near future.